What Stripe is
Stripe processes the payment. For a lot of businesses it is also the only system that holds a complete, authoritative record of what was actually charged.
That record lives one layer below the storefront, which is why it so often disagrees with what the marketing tools believe happened.
Reddit from Stripe
Microsoft Ads from Stripe
X from Stripe
AppLovin from Stripe
Outbrain from Stripe
Taboola from Stripe
Skio First charges and renewals, told apart.
Funnelish Funnel pages tracked by the pixel; orders through Shopify.